Utang Negara dan Defisit APBN Tinjauan Hukum Keuangan Negara
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21067/jph.v11i1.14245Keywords:
State Debt, State Budget Deficit, State Financial Law, Prudential Principle, Intergenerational JusticeAbstract
Since the reform era, the Indonesian government has actively utilized foreign debt to boost the economy and boost public prosperity. Initially, foreign debt helped Indonesia cover its budget deficit and accelerate its growth. However, because the amount of borrowing was larger than the debt repayments, the budget began to swell. The increase in Indonesia's national debt and the state budget deficit in 2026 has reached alarming levels. As of March 31, 2026, the government had taken on new debt amounting to Rp 258.7 trillion. Government debt is approaching Rp 10,000 trillion. By the end of March 2026, total government debt was recorded at Rp 9,920.42 trillion. This study aims to analyze the increase in national debt and the state budget deficit by reviewing state financial law against the principles of prudence and intergenerational justice. The normative legal research method uses a statutory and conceptual approach. The study results reveal a serious normative gap in Indonesian fiscal law, characterized by the absence of effective law enforcement mechanisms and strict legal sanctions against established fiscal limits. The government tends not to reduce debt but annually increases debt that is deemed still below the stipulated limit. Debt policies that are not based on the principle of prudence result in accumulating maturities that create intergenerational injustice, are implicitly contrary to the constitution, and the government's response in the form of tax intensification exacerbates structural poverty and puts pressure on the community.
References
Aini, W. (2023). Pengaruh utang luar negeri terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. IndoFintech Intellectuals: Journal of Economics and Business, 3(1), 1–19.
Arsyadhany El Syady, Farhan Cahya Nugraha, Dico Setio Nur Aldi, & Handika Yoga Pratama. (2025). Analisis Pengaruh Utang Luar Negeri terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Stabilitas Keuangan di Indonesia (2020-2024). IKRAITH-EKONOMIKA, 8(3), 1204-1222. Retrieved from https://journals.upi-yai.ac.id/index.php/IKRAITH-EKONOMIKA/article/view/5868.
Darmawan, I. (2022). Dampak Utang Luar Negeri Terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Akuntansi, 15(2), 57-69.
detikbali, "Utang Negara Naik Lagi Dekati Rp 10.000 Triliun, Kini Setara 40,75% PDB", https://www.detik.com/bali/bisnis/d-8481272/utang-negara-naik-lagi-dekati-rp-10-000-triliun-kini-setara-40-75-pdb, (Diakses pada 12 Mei 2026).
detikfinance, "Utang Jatuh Tempo RI Capai Rp 833 T di 2026, Tertinggi dalam Sejarah!" https://finance.detik.com/moneter/d-8454462/utang-jatuh-tempo-ri-capai-rp-833-t-di-2026-tertinggi-dalam-sejarah. (Diakes pada 3 Mei 2026).
Halim, A. (Ed.). (2016). Manajemen keuangan sektor publik: Problematika penerimaan dan pengeluaran pemerintah (anggaran pendapatan dan belanja negara/daerah) (Ed. 2). Salemba Empat.
Irawan, T. T. (2020). Perekonomian Indonesia: Fakta, tantangan, dan kebijakan (1st ed.). Unpak Press.
Kesumadewi, E., & Nurcahya, W. F. (2024). Dinamika Pengelolaan Utang Serta Peran SBN Sebagai Alternatif Instrumen Investasi. eCo-Fin, 6(3), 478-492.
Mahrani, D., & Sari, M. M. (2019). Analisis Utang Luar Negeri dan Inflasi Indonesia Analysis of Indonesia ’ s foreign debt and inflation. 19(1), 57–66.
Meirizal, M. S., Sinaga, D. L., Tinambunan, F. U., Saragi, S. L., & Sitio, V. (2024). Teori ekonomi Keynesian mengenai inflasi dan pengaruhnya terhadap ekonomi modern. Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research, 4(2), 2433–2445.
Musgrave, R. A., & Musgrave, R. A. (1959). The theory of public finance: A study in public economy (Vol. 658). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Nova Adella, Rani Wulandari, Alfa Rizki Saputra, & Heni Noviarita. (2024). Utang Luar Negeri: Menelisik Faktor Penyebab, Kondisi di Indonesia, dan Dampaknya Terhadap Perekonomian. Kajian Ekonomi Dan Akuntansi Terapan, 1(4), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.61132/keat.v1i4.691.
Pribadi, Y. (2017). Studi Utang Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Sebagai Pembiayaan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) Tahun 20.
Rubin, A. P. (1992). [Review of In Fairness to Future Generations: International Law, Common Patrimony, and Intergenerational Equity, by E. B. Weiss]. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 16(1), 172–175. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45290085.
Staig, M. S. G. (1958). Public Principles of Public Debt.
Tempo, Utang Pemerintah di Triwulan I Tembus Rp 258,7 Triliun, https://www.tempo.co/ekonomi/utang-pemerintah-di-triwulan-i-tembus-rp-258-7-triliun-2132874. (Diakes pada 3 Mei 2026).
Tjandra, W. R. (2014). Hukum Keuangan Negara (hlm. 3). Jakarta: Grasindo.
Turmudi, I. (2019). Kajian Kebijakan Fiskal dan Kebijakan Moneter dalam Islam. An-Nawa, 1(2), 74–90.
Yusni, M. (2022). Implikasi putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi nomor 77/PUU-IX/2011 yang menghapus kewenangan Panitia Urusan Piutang Negara (PUPN) terhadap mekanisme penyelesaian utang piutang pada bank BUMN/BUMD. SOSEK: Jurnal Sosial dan Ekonomi, 3(1), 48–59.
